Epidemiological trends and characteristics of human visceral leishmaniasis cases reported in Paraguay during 2018–2023
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Abstract
Introduction: Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease with a significant global impact.
Objective: To describe the epidemiological trends and characteristics of cases of human visceral leishmaniasis reported in Paraguay during the period 2018–2023.
Methodology: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study of cases of visceral leishmaniasis in Paraguay recorded between 2018-2023, reported by the health regions to the Programa Nacional de Enfermedades Vectoriales (DIVET) del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social. The data were analysed using EpiInfo 7.2.6.0, employing descriptive statistics. Compliance with ethical principles, confidentiality and anonymity was ensured in accordance with Paraguayan legislation.
Results: 293 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were reported in Paraguay. The median age was 35 years; males predominated (74.4%); there was an upward trend in case reporting, with the national incidence rising from 0.28 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2018 to 1.26 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2023. The Departmento Central accounted for the highest absolute number of cases (50.85 per cent); Cordillera had the highest cumulative incidence (8.36 cases per 100,000 inhabitants). The districts with the highest number of cases were Luque, Capiatá and Ñemby (Central Department). Recorded HIV co-infection: 17.7 per cent. A high proportion of missing data was observed for clinical variables. Information on treatment was available. Amphotericin B deoxycholate was the most commonly used drug (66.9 per cent).
Conclusion: Visceral leishmaniasis showed an upward trend in Paraguay during 2018–2023, with a heterogeneous distribution and a higher concentration of cases in urban and peri-urban areas.
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